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Read the Quote Delivered by the Consulate on November 12, 1799.

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Designation for political or class opponents of a state

Robespierre ofttimes used the expression against his enemies

The term enemy of the people or enemy of the nation, is a designation for the political or class opponents of the subgroup in power within a larger group. The term implies that by opposing the ruling subgroup, the "enemies" in question are interim against the larger group, for example against society as a whole. It is similar to the notion of "enemy of the state". The term originated in Roman times equally Latin: hostis publicus, typically translated into English as the "public enemy". The term in its "enemy of the people" form has been used for centuries in literature (run across An Enemy of the People, the play past Henrik Ibsen, 1882; or Coriolanus, the play past William Shakespeare, c. 1605).

The Soviet Union made extensive use of the term until 1956, notably by Joseph Stalin.[1] It is routinely used past authoritarian rulers,[ii] and since early 2022 it has been used on multiple occasions by quondam U.S. President Donald Trump to refer to news organizations and journalists whom he perceives as critical of and biased against him.[3] [two]

Origins of the expression [edit]

Roman Democracy and Empire [edit]

The expression dates back to Roman times.[4] The Senate declared emperor Nero a hostis publicus in Ad 68.[5] Its direct translation is "public enemy". Whereas "public" is currently used in English language to depict something related to collectivity at big, with an implication towards regime or the Land, the Latin word "publicus" could, in addition to that meaning, also refer directly to people, making it the equivalent of the genitive of populus ("people"), populi ("pop" or "of the people"). Thus, "public enemy" and "enemy of the people" are, etymologically, most synonyms.

French Revolution [edit]

The words "ennemi du peuple" were used extensively during the French Revolution. On 25 Dec 1793 Robespierre stated: "The revolutionary government owes to the good citizen all the protection of the nation; it owes zilch to the Enemies of the People just expiry".[6] The Law of 22 Prairial in 1794 extended the remit of the Revolutionary Tribunal to punish "enemies of the people", with some political crimes punishable past death, including "spreading imitation news to divide or trouble the people".[7]

Marxist–Leninist states [edit]

Soviet Marriage [edit]

The Soviet Marriage made all-encompassing utilise of the term (Russian: враг народа, vrag naroda) (literal meaning is the enemy of the people). The term was first used in a speech by Felix Dzerzhinsky, the first chairman of the Cheka, subsequently the October Revolution. The Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee printed lists of "enemies of the people," and Vladimir Lenin invoked it in his decree of 28 November 1917:[8]

all leaders of the Constitutional Democratic Political party, a party filled with enemies of the people, are hereby to exist considered outlaws, and are to exist arrested immediately and brought before the revolutionary court.[9]

Other similar terms were in utilize too:

  • enemy of the labourers (враг трудящихся, vrag trudyashchikhsya)
  • enemy of the proletariat (враг пролетариата, vrag proletariata)
  • class enemy (классовый враг, klassovyi vrag), etc.

In particular, the term "enemy of the workers" was formalized in the Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code),[10] and like articles in the codes of the other Soviet Republics.

At diverse times these terms were applied, in particular, to Tsar Nicholas Two and the Imperial family, aristocrats, the bourgeoisie, clerics, concern entrepreneurs, anarchists, kulaks, monarchists, Mensheviks, Esers, Bundists, Trotskyists, Bukharinists, the "old Bolsheviks", the ground forces and constabulary, emigrants, saboteurs, wreckers (вредители, "vrediteli"), "social parasites" (тунеядцы, "tuneyadtsy"), Kavezhedists (people who administered and serviced the KVZhD (China Far E Railway), especially the Russian population of Harbin, Prc), those considered conservative nationalists (notably Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Armenian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian nationalists, Zionists, Basmachi).[11]

An "enemy of the people" could be imprisoned, expelled or executed, and lose their holding to confiscation. Close relatives of enemies of the people were labeled equally "traitor of Motherland family members" and prosecuted. They could be sent to Gulag, punished by the involuntary settlement in unpopulated areas, or stripped of denizen's rights. Being a friend of an enemy of the people automatically placed the person under suspicion.

A majority of the enemies of the people were given this label not considering of their hostile actions against the workers' and peasants' state, but only considering of their social origin or profession earlier the revolution[ citation needed ]: those who used hired labor, loftier-ranking clergy, former policemen, merchants, etc. Some of them were unremarkably known as lishentsy (лишенцы, derived from Russian word лишение, deprivation), because past the Soviet Constitution they were deprived of the right of voting. This automatically translated into a deprivation of various social benefits; some of them, e.grand., rationing, were at times disquisitional for survival.

Since 1927, Commodity 20 of the Common Function of the penal code that listed possible "measures of social defence" had the post-obit item 20a: "declaration to be an enemy of the workers with deprivation of the wedlock republic citizenship and hence of the USSR citizenship, with obligatory expulsion from its territory". Notwithstanding, virtually "enemies of the people" suffered labor camps, rather than expulsion.

Rejection of the phrase [edit]

On 25 February 1956, Nikita Khrushchev delivered a speech to the Communist Party in which he identified Stalin as the author of the phrase and distanced himself from it, saying that it made debate incommunicable.[12] "This term automatically fabricated it unnecessary that the ideological errors of a human being or men engaged in a controversy be proven," Khrushchev said. "It made possible the use of the cruelest repression, violating all norms of [...] legality, against anyone who in whatever manner disagreed with Stalin, against those who were only suspected of hostile intent, against those who had bad reputations ... The formula 'enemy of the people' was specifically introduced for the purpose of physically annihilating such individuals."[13]

For decades afterwards, the phrase "was and so omnipresent, freighted and devastating in its use under Stalin that nobody [in Russia] wanted to touch information technology. ... except in reference to history and in jokes", according to William Taubman in his biography of Khrushchev.[7]

However, the term returned to Russian public discourse in the late 2000s with a number of nationalist and pro-government politicians (virtually notably Ramzan Kadyrov) calling for restoration of the Soviet approach to the "enemies of the people" defined equally all non-organisation opposition.[14] [15] [sixteen]

China [edit]

In Mao Zedong's 1957 speech On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People, he comments that "At the present stage, the menstruum of edifice socialism, the classes, strata and social groups which favour, support and piece of work for the cause of socialist construction all come up inside the category of the people, while the social forces and groups which resist the socialist revolution and are hostile to or sabotage socialist construction are all enemies of the people."[17] (According to Philip Brusque, an writer of biographies of Mao and Cambodia's Khmer Rouge leader Political leader Pot, in domestic political struggles Chinese and Cambodian communists rarely if ever used the phrase "enemy of the people" as they were very nationalistic, and saw it equally an alien import.)[7]

Albania [edit]

Enemy of the people (Alb: Armiku i popullit) in Albania were the enemy typology of the Communist Albanian government used to denounce political or class opponents. The term is today considered totalitarian, derogatory and hostile. There are all the same some politicians who use the term on political opponents with the intention of dehumanization.[eighteen]

Later the communist take over in, many who were labeled with this term were executed or imprisoned.[19] Enver Hoxha alleged religious leaders, landowners, disloyal party officials, clerics and clan leaders as "enemies of the people". This is said to have led to the expiry of 6000 people.[twenty] Thousands were sentenced to death.[21] From 1945 to 1991, around 5000 men and women were executed and close to 100,000 were sent to prison house as they were labeled enemies of the people.[22] Many who were targeted held important leadership positions in the party and state structures of the regime.[23] Hoxha too used the term against the Soviet Wedlock and the US when he spoke: "every bit to 'Albania being but 1 mouthful', scout out, gentlemen, for socialist Albania is a hard os that volition stick in your throat and choke y'all!".[24] On ane June 1945, The Albanian Cardinal Commission for the Discovery of Crimes, of State of war Criminals and Enemies of the People requested the International Commission for the Discovery of Crimes and War Criminals to hand over a number of Albanian war criminals plant in concentration camps in Italia such equally Bari, Lecce, Salerno and others.[25] In 1954, Hoxha condemned the American and British liberation of Albania calling them "enemies of the people".[26] In the 1960s, many Albanian migrants returned from Austria and Italy after having fled in the 1940s, and despite having been promised not to be punished, were immediately arrested as "enemies of the people".[27] In 1990, Ismail Kadare applied for political asylum in France, which was granted, resulting in him being condemned by Albanian officials equally an "enemy of the people".[28]

Nazi Germany [edit]

Regarding the Nazi programme to relocate all Jews to Republic of madagascar, the Nazi tabloid Der Stürmer wrote that "The Jews don't want to go to Madagascar – They cannot bear the climate. Jews are pests and disseminators of diseases. In whatsoever country they settle and spread themselves out, they produce the same furnishings every bit are produced in the human being trunk by germs. ... In former times sane people and sane leaders of the peoples made short shrift of enemies of the people. They had them either expelled or killed."[29]

Usa in the 1960s [edit]

In the United States during the 1960s, organizations such as the Black Panther Party[thirty] [31] [32] and Students for a Democratic Lodge[33] were known to utilise the term. In i inter-political party dispute in February 1971, for example, Black Panther leader Huey P. Newton denounced two other Panthers equally "enemies of the people" for allegedly putting party leaders and members in jeopardy.[31]

Usage in the 2010s [edit]

Uk [edit]

During the backwash of the referendum on membership of the European Union, the Daily Mail was criticized for a headline describing judges (in the Miller instance) as "Enemies of the People" for ruling that the process for leaving the European Union (i.eastward. the triggering of Article l) would require the consent of the British Parliament. The May administration had hoped to apply the powers of the purple prerogative to bypass parliamentary approval.[34] The newspaper issued grapheme assassinations of all the judges involved in the ruling (Lord Chief Justice Lord Thomas, Sir Terence Etherton, and Lord Justice Sales), and received more than ane,000 complaints to the Contained Press Standards Organisation.[35] [36] The Secretarial assistant of Country for Justice, Liz Truss, issued a three-line statement defending the independence and impartiality of the judiciary, which some saw as inadequate due to the delayed response and failure to condemn the attacks.[37] [38]

Donald Trump [edit]

Donald J. Trump Twitter
@realDonaldTrump

The FAKE NEWS media (declining @nytimes, @NBCNews, @ABC, @CBS, @CNN) is not my enemy, it is the enemy of the American People!

18 February 2017[39]

Donald Trump at the Conservative Political Activeness Briefing in 2017

In 2012, longtime Democratic pollster Patrick Caddell gave a voice communication at a conference sponsored by Accuracy in Media, a bourgeois watchdog group, in which he chosen the media "the enemy of the American people."[40] In 2013, Caddell signed on as a contractor for Robert Mercer. On 17 Feb 2017, hours after meeting Caddell while touring a Boeing aircraft plant in North Charleston, South Carolina, President of the United states of america Donald Trump declared on Twitter that The New York Times, NBC News, ABC, CBS, and CNN were "fake news" and "the enemy of the American People".[41] Trump repeated the exclamation on 24 February at the Bourgeois Political Action Briefing, saying, "A few days agone I called the imitation news the enemy of the people and they are. They are the enemy of the people."[42] [seven] At a 25 June 2022 rally in Southward Carolina, Trump singled out journalists as "fake newsers" and once more called them "the enemy of the people."[43] [44] Some commentators tried to link these comments to a mass shooting at the offices of a newspaper publisher in Annapolis, Maryland, that took place only days afterward, on 28 June,[45] [46] [47] but the incident turned out not to be related.[48] During his term, Trump prevented 2 CNN White House correspondents, Kaitlan Collins and Jim Acosta, from attending certain events.

On 19 July 2018, following the critical reaction to his meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin on fifteen July 2022 in Helsinki, Finland, Trump tweeted "The Summit with Russian federation was a bully success, except with the real enemy of the people, the Fake News Media." The New York Times noted Trump's use of this phrase during his "moments of peak criticism" and use of the term by Nazi and Soviet propaganda.[49]

On two August 2018, after Trump tweeted "Simulated NEWS media... is the enemy of the American People",[50] [51] multiple international institutions such as the United Nations and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights criticized Trump for his attacks on the free press.[52] On 16 August 2018, the United States Senate, in a symbolic rebuke to Trump, passed by unanimous consent a resolution affirming that the media is not "the enemy of the people" and reaffirming "the vital and indispensable role the complimentary press serves."[53] [54] [55]

From his inauguration on 20 January 2022 through 15 Oct 2019, Trump used Twitter to phone call the news media the "enemy of the people" 36 times.[56] In response to the recount procedure of the 2022 The states presidential election in Georgia, which certified Joe Biden equally the winner of the state, Trump called Georgia Secretarial assistant of State Brad Raffensperger an "enemy of the people".[57]

Meet too [edit]

  • An Enemy of the People – play past Ibsen
  • Enemies of the People (pic)
  • No State of war Only The Class War
  • Ostracism
  • Persona non grata
  • Public enemy
  • Struggle session
  • Untermensch
  • Extremist
  • Hate groups
  • Cultural Revolution

References [edit]

Citations
  1. ^ Remnick, David (1 August 2018). "Trump and the Enemies of the People". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  2. ^ a b Graham-Harrison, Emma (3 August 2018). "'Enemy of the people': Trump'due south phrase and its echoes of totalitarianism". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  3. ^ "Opinion: Calling The Press The Enemy Of The People Is A Menacing Move". Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  4. ^ run across also Jal, Paul (1963) Hostis (publicus) dans la littérature latine de la fin de la République, footnotes 1 and two
  5. ^ Garzetti, Albino (2014) From Tiberius to the Antonines: A History of the Roman Empire Ad 14–192, Routledge. p. 220 ISBN 978-1317698432
  6. ^ Robespierre"Le but du gouvernement constitutionnel est de conserver la République; celui du gouvernement révolutionnaire est de la fonder. […] Le gouvernement révolutionnaire doit au bon citoyen toute la protection nationale; il ne doit aux Ennemis du Peuple que la mort" (speech communication at the National Convention
  7. ^ a b c d Higgins, Andrew (26 Feb 2017) "Trump Embraces 'Enemy of the People,' a Phrase With a Fraught History" The New York Times
  8. ^ The black book of communism : crimes, terror, repression. Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 1999. ISBN0-674-07608-seven. OCLC 41256361. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  9. ^ Werth, Nicolas; Bartošek, Karel; Panné, Jean-Louis; Margolin, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; and Courtois, Stéphane (1999) The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-07608-7
  10. ^ "Article 58", an online excerpt
  11. ^ "Seventeen Moments in Soviet History". [ permanent dead link ]
  12. ^ Higgins, Andrew (26 February 2017). "Trump Embraces 'Enemy of the People,' a Phrase With a Fraught History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  13. ^ Khrushchev, Nikita (26 April 2007). "The cult of the individual (25 Feb 1956)". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  14. ^ Staff (2006). "Опубликован шорт-лист претендентов на звание "враг народа в левом движении"". Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  15. ^ Staff (2015). "Кадыров призвал относиться к внесистемной оппозиции как к врагам народа". Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  16. ^ Staff (2014). "На площадке путинского "Народного фронта" предложили вернуть в употребление статус "враг народа"". Retrieved thirteen January 2016.
  17. ^ Mao Zedong (27 Feb 1957) On the Right Handling of Contradictions Among the People pp. 2–three
  18. ^ Enemies of the People, History, Credo Behind The …. Remarks by Head of Presence, Administrator Bernd Borchardt, at the international scientific conference "The portrait of 'people'southward enemy' during the dictatorship of proletariat in Albania (1944–1990) 17 May 2019. 2019. .
  19. ^ Elsie, Robert (2013). A Biographical Lexicon of Albanian History. I.B. Tauris. ISBN978-1780764313 . Retrieved 10 November 2019. .
  20. ^ "Gendered legacies of Communist Republic of albania: a paradox of progress". openDemocracy. .
  21. ^ "Enver Hoxha's personality cult lives on in today's Republic of albania". New Eastern Europe – A bimonthly news magazine defended to Central and Eastern European affairs. 5 October 2018. .
  22. ^ "Arct – Denial of Memory: Information technology is Fourth dimension for Albania to Confront Its Communist Past". arct.org. .
  23. ^ Meta., Beqir (2018). Framework Report On prison system, internment and forced labor during communist government in Albania with a focus on establishing a museum of memory in the erstwhile internment campsite in Tepelena (PDF) . Retrieved ten November 2019. .
  24. ^ "Regarding China's Withdrawl [sic] of Help from Albania". marxists.org. .
  25. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United states: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, Europe, Volume IV – Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. .
  26. ^ (Central Intelligence Bureau), CIA (15 April 1954). "Tirana Spy Trial Proceedings Continued. Tirana, Albanian Home Service, Apr. 12, 1954, 2000 GMT-41 (Recordings of Prosecutor'due south summation) (Text)" (PDF). No. Official Use Only LL 1 – Albania xv April 1954. Retrieved x November 2019. .
  27. ^ Woodcock, Shannon (7 August 2014). "'Confronting a Wall': Albania's Women Political Prisoners' Struggle to be Heard". Cultural Studies Review. pp. 39–65–39–65. doi:10.5130/csr.v20i2.4093. .
  28. ^ "Republic of albania Condemns Author's Defection as "Ugly Act" . AP News . Retrieved 10 November 2019. .
  29. ^ "The Germ". Der Stürmer. No. 38. September 1938.
  30. ^ Hilliard, David, ed. (3 June 2008). The Blackness Panther. Simon and Schuster. p. 48. ISBN9781416552895 . Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  31. ^ a b Ashbury, Edith Evans (x Feb 1971). "Newton Denounces 2 Missing Panthers". The New York Times . Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  32. ^ Faraj, Gaidi (2007). Unearthing the Surreptitious: A Study of Radical Activism in the Black Panther ... Ann Arbor, Michigan. p. 161. ISBN9780549528524.
  33. ^ Hogan, Doug (nine February 1970). "In Search Of The 'Real S.D.S.' Favoring A Campus Worker-Pupil Alliance". The Stanford Daily . Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  34. ^ Phipps, Claire (4 November 2016). "British newspapers react to judges' Brexit ruling: 'Enemies of the people'". The Guardian . Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  35. ^ Pells, Rachael (10 November 2016). "Daily Postal service's 'Enemies of the People' forepart page receives more than than ane,000 complaints to IPSO". The Independent . Retrieved 3 Feb 2017.
  36. ^ Coe, Jonathan (27 January 2017). "Is Donald Trump 'Mr. Brexit'?". The New York Times . Retrieved 3 Feb 2017.
  37. ^ Worley, Will. "Liz Truss breaks her silence simply fails to condemn backlash over Brexit ruling". The Independent . Retrieved 11 Feb 2017.
  38. ^ Staff and Agencies (five November 2016). "Liz Truss defends judiciary after Brexit ruling criticism". The Guardian . Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  39. ^ Donald J. Trump [@realDonaldTrump] (eighteen February 2017). "The Fake NEWS media (failing @nytimes, @NBCNews, @ABC, @CBS, @CNN) is not my enemy, it is the enemy of the American People!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  40. ^ "The Reclusive Hedge-Fund Tycoon Behind the Trump Presidency". The New Yorker. 17 March 2017. Retrieved seven Dec 2021.
  41. ^ Erickson, Amanda (eighteen February 2017)"Trump called the news media an 'enemy of the American People.' Here'south a history of the term" The Washington Post
  42. ^ Shuham, Matt (24 February 2017). "Trump: 'Enemy Of The People' Media Makes Up Anonymous Sources". Retrieved 24 Feb 2017.
  43. ^ Jonathan Chait (25 June 2018). "Trump compares his propaganda to North Korea's at Bizarre Southward Carolina rally". New York . Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  44. ^ Baynes, Chris (29 June 2018). "Maryland shooting: Trump ducks questions over Capital Gazette killings, as president's attacks on journalists come into focus". The Contained . Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  45. ^ Pope, Kyle (29 June 2018). "The state of war against the printing comes to the local newsroom". Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  46. ^ Mayfield, Mandy (28 June 2018). "Journalists call out Trump for anti-press rhetoric following Annapolis newsroom shooting". Washington Examiner . Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  47. ^ Kirell, Andrew; Arciga, Julia (29 June 2018). "Trump At present Says Journalists Should Be 'Gratuitous From Fear' After Previously Calling Them 'Enemies of the People'". The Daily Animal . Retrieved thirty June 2018.
  48. ^ Williams, Timothy and Harmon, Amy (June 29, 2018) "Maryland Shooting Suspect Had Long-Running Dispute With Newspaper" The New York Times
  49. ^ Davis, William P. (20 July 2018). "'Enemy of the People': Trump Breaks Out This Phrase During Moments of Elevation Criticism". The New York Times . Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  50. ^ "Trump declares 'fake news' media 'the enemy of the American people'". The states Today.
  51. ^ Katie Rogers (two August 2018). "Are Journalists the Enemy of the People? Ivanka Trump Says They're Non". The New York Times . Retrieved 3 Baronial 2018.
  52. ^ Michael G. Grynbaum (2 Baronial 2018). "CNN'due south Jim Acosta Challenges Sarah Huckabee Sanders, Then Makes a Quick Go out". The New York Times . Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  53. ^ Reiss, Jaclyn (16 August 2018) "Us Senate unanimously passes resolution affirming the press 'is not the enemy of the people'" Boston Globe
  54. ^ 2018Congressional Record, Vol. 164, Page S5681 (16 August 2018)
  55. ^ Southward.Res.607 – A resolution reaffirming the vital and indispensable office the gratis press serves., 115th Congress (2017–2018), Congress.gov.
  56. ^ Michael D. Shear, Maggie Haberman, Nicholas Confessore, Karen Yourish, Larry Buchanan and Keith Collins, How Trump Reshaped the Presidency in Over 11,000 Tweets, The New York Times (2 Nov 2019).
  57. ^ "Trump calls the Georgia Secretary of State an 'enemy of the people'". The Contained. 27 November 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.

orozcotair1956.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people

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